Virus research columbia university mailman school of. Chandipura vesiculovirus is an enveloped rna virus with an approximate genome length of 11 kb. Frontiers chandipura virus induced neuronal apoptosis via. It affects mostly children and is characterized by influenzalike illness and neurologic dysfunctions. Chandipura virus chpv was discovered during an acute febrile outbreak in nagpur, maharashtra state, india from two febrile cases 1965 1, 2. G, n, and p genebased analysis of chandipura viruses, india. This virus has singlestranded rna genome with negative polarity and size about 11 kilobases. Fifteen pools, each containing two specimens, were tested by reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Among these viruses, chpv had the highest reported case fatality rate. Monocytes and b cells support active replication of. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash.
The virus gained public health importance when it was held responsible for massive outbreak in 20032004 in maharashtra, telengana and gujarat with case fatality rates ranging from 55 to 75% among children. Chandipura virus changes cellular mirnome in human microglial. Four cases of suspected chandipura virus infection were reported in gujarats dahod on tuesday, two days after the blood samples of a fiveyearold girl who died on june 30 tested positive for the virus. Mishra, who was reluctant to talk about the report to the health ministry, says, our knowledge of the chandipura virus is based on a few episodes. Neuroinvasion of chandipura virus mediates pathogenesis in. Chandipura virus chpv belonging to the family rhabdovirdae, genus vesiculovirus has been associated with acute and fatal encephalitis of young children in several parts of india 1,2. Immune response during acute chandipura viral infection in. Hiv, hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv 18,19. This study was undertaken to find out the neuroinvasive behaviour of chandipura virus in suckling mice. There are no studies regarding the role of complement system in chandipura virus chpv infection. The possible experimental approaches, to prove neuroinvasion, are axonal ligation or degeneration, in vitro injection of the virus into squid neuron or engineered virus expressing fluorescent tags. The significance of chandipura vesiculovirus as a human pathogen is unresolved due to doubts over its role in the 2003 and 2004 outbreaks. Infected pdf files continue to plague security personnel responsible for detecting and containing malicious email attachments. Indian j med res serial online 2017 cited 2020 mar 30.
Cn103228293a vaccine formulation for prophylaxis and. Chandipura virus that spreads to human beings through the bite of a sandfly claimed three lives and infected 11 people across the state last year. Malicious email attachments protection from infected pdf. Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 is an alphaherpesvirus, which consists of a subset of herpes viruses that travel within hosts using the peripheral nerves. Chandipura virus is a vesiculovirus with a structure and replication similar to those of vesicular stomatitis virus. Chandipura virus changes cellular mirnome in human. Temperature sensitivity and environmental stability of. The exact route of virus entry into the blood and cns invasion has not been clearly defined. Predicting the host protein interactors of chandipura. An encephalitis outbreak in 2003 in children from india was attributed to chandipura virus. The fertilized female burrows into the skin, often beneath the skin and cause ulcer.
It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from chandipura village in maharashtra state, india and has been associated with a number of otherwise unexplained outbreaks of encephalitic illness in central india. Thus immature neuron is not a critical factor for chandipura virus pathogenesis. Neuropathogenesis by chandipura virus 23 neurotropic viruses that generally have minimal pathogenic effects in their natural hosts often cause catastrophe upon entering the cns. In the present study, we attempted a new approach to study the neuroinvasion of chpv. Microglial activation induces neuronal death in chandipura. Pdf chandipura virus chpv, a member of rhabdoviridae, is responsible for an explosive. Pdf changing clinical scenario in chandipura virus infection. Development and evaluation of a realtime one step reversetranscriptase pcr for quantitation of chandipura virus. Chandipura virus chpv, a member of rhabdoviridae, is responsible for an explosive outbreak in rural areas of india. Experimental transmission of chandipura virus to mice demonstrated with orally infected aedes. More recently, they published results that shed light on the trigger for this neuronal death.
Children under 15 years of age are vulnerable to natural infection, whereas adults are refractory. The reduction may be due to the regulatory mechanism of immune system to prevent the bystander host tissue injury. Viral and prion infections of the central nervous system. Pdf icon to the left to view a copy of this virus entry in pdf format.
The present study is focused on the role of mirnas during chpv strain 1653514 infection in human microglial cells. Chandipura virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family and vesiculovirus genera, has recently emerged as human pathogen that is associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of india. Frontiers chandipura virus induced neuronal apoptosis. Changing clinical scenario in chandipura virus infection ncbi. In the following years, chandipura virus was detected only occasionally as a pathogen of humans. Viralhost protein interactions in chandipura virus pathogenesis synopsis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy by sreejith rajasekharan department of biotechnology jaypee institue of information technology declared deemed to be university us 3 of ugc act a10, sector62, noida, india. Jul 27, 2019 the significance of chandipura vesiculovirus as a human pathogen is unresolved due to doubts over its role in the 2003 and 2004 outbreaks virology. The susceptibility of mice and humans to chandipura virus infection is agedependent. Chandipura virus, axonal transport, neuro tropic viruses, neuro. Pdf chandipura virus rhabdoviridae, encyclopedia of virology. Chandipura virus chpv, an arbovirus belonging to genus vesiculovirus in the family rhabdoviridae has gained global attention as an encephalitis causing virus after the 20032004 outbreaks in central india 1,2,3,4,5. Children under 15 years of age are most susceptible to natural infection. Neuropathogenesis by chandipura virus 23 neurotropic viruses that generally have minimal pathogenic effects. Neurodegeneration following chpv infection has been well.
The present invention is related to pharmaceutical formulations capable of eliciting protective immune response against chandipura virus infection in humans and other mammalian hosts. Outer membrane envelope and relative organization of nrna nucleocapsid, glycoprotein g, phosphoprotein p, large protein l, and matrix protein m within virion structure have been. Children under 15 years of age are more susceptible to this virus. It belongs to the genus vesiculovirus, family rhabdoviridae. Jun 28, 2015 rna was extracted from chandipura virus chpv. Chandipura virus perturbs cholesterol homeostasis leading to. Viruses in the rhabdoviridae family known to infect mammals belong to either the genus vesiculovirus vesicular stomatitis virus serotype new jersey and. There have been few studies that have identified general pathological mechanisms associated with the infection. Virus research 147 2010 1724 contents lists available at sciencedirect. If these fail to clear the virus, cytokines and infected cells activate the sentinel cells e. Immune response during acute chandipura viral infection in experimentally infected susceptible mice. In our experiments, rela upregulated prosurvival factors in chpvinfected cells. Detection of colorado tick fever virus by using reverse transcriptase pcr and application of the technique in laboratory diagnosis. Of the four suspected cases, two children have already died while two others are under tertiary care, which is specialised medical care.
Chandipura virus is lethal to young mice by peripheral as well as central route of infection but adult mice are susceptible only through central route of infection. The disease progressed rapidly from an influenzalike illness to coma and death. Chandipura virus utilizes the prosurvival function of rela nf. Chandipura virus chandipura vesiculovirus chpv is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness in humans.
Development and evaluation of a realtime one step reversetranscriptase pcr. The presence of antichpv neutralizing antibodies in the blood collected from pigs, buffalos, cattle, goats and sheep suggests continuous circulation of the virus in this region 18 joshi mv, patil dr, tupe cd, et al. Chandipura vesiculovirus wikimili, the free encyclopedia. Sep 14, 2016 interaction between immune system and chandipura virus chpv during different stages of its life cycle remain poorly understood. Pdf chandipura virus rhabdoviridae, encyclopedia of. Research open access immune regulation in chandipura virus.
Changing clinical scenario in chandipura virus infection article pdf available in the indian journal of medical research 1436. Incidence of neutralizing antibodies to chandipura virus in. Chandipura virus definition of chandipura virus by medical. It was discovered in 1966 by bhatt and rodriguez, at virus research centre vrc, pune. An acute encephalitis syndrome in india sourish ghosh, anirban basu. Changing clinical scenario in chandipura virus infection. Chikungunya virus is spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Viral genome codes for five polypeptides, namely, nucleocapsid protein n, phosphoprotein p, matrix protein m, glycoprotein g and large protein. Similarly, children who recover from natural infection with the virus show. You can get a copy of the pdf viewer by clicking here. Viruses tend to counteract infectioninduced cell death for promoting their growth. Chandipura virus perturbs cholesterol homeostasis leading. Neuroinvasion of chandipura virus mediates pathogenesis in experimentally infected mice article pdf available in international journal of clinical and experimental pathology 67.
Chandipura virus is a member of the vesiculovirus genus of the family rhabdoviridae. May 29, 2012 the susceptibility of mice and humans to chandipura virus infection is agedependent. Neuroinvasion of chandipura virus mediates pathogenesis. The present study was undertaken to assess the population in pbmc that supports the growth of virus and to detect active virus replication in pbmc as well as its subsets. They note that clinical findings in the positive group were no different to those in the negative group, and conclude that the virus therefore had no role in encephalitis. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from chandipura village in maharashtra state, india 1 and has been associated with a number of otherwise unexplained outbreaks of encephalitic illness in central india.
Unravelling the mechanism of infection of the deadly. A general overview of the vesiculoviruses with particular reference to chandipura virus a schematic presentation of bulletshaped chpv. No significant difference could be observed in the level of igm secretions between virus exposed nude and wild type mice. Genus vesiculovirus, comprises viruses of human and veterinary importance. It was first isolated from the blood of two humans in the central indian state of maharashtra in 1965. There are several mechanisms like generation of regulatory cells, activation induced cell death acid. Upon experimental infection, mice secrete significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. The immunogenic formulation comprises chandipura virus glycoprotein g protein andor nucleoprotein expressed as recombinant proteins and purified from host cells. Characterization of farmington virus, a novel virus from birds that is distantly related to members of the family rhabdoviridae gustavo palacios1, naomi l forrester2,3,4, nazir savji5,7, amelia p a travassos da rosa2, hilda guzman2, kelly detoy5, vsevolod l popov2,4, peter j walker6, w ian lipkin5, nikos vasilakis2,3,4 and robert b. Mononegavirales has to manipulate the cellular machineries of its hosts at molecular levels through specific proteinprotein interactions for its survival, replication, subsequent spread and infection. Chandipura virus chpv, a negativestranded rna virus of family rhabdoviridae is endemic in central india since 1965. It is estimated that at least onethird of recurrent cases are the result of latent virus reactivation rather than axonal spread along a. Interaction between immune system and chandipura virus chpv during different stages of its life cycle remain poorly understood.
The micrornas mirnamir play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infection. The role of immune response during infection is not understood. Table s1 represents the fold changes of the 84 enlisted genes. Similarly, children who recover from natural infection with the virus show significant amounts of tnf. To determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculoviruses isfahan chandipura for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three and three pigs were inoculated with each virus intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band the ponies were also inoculated intradcrmally in the right commissure o the mouth animals inoculated with each.
In more recent outbreaks, the risk of humantohuman transmission through contact with infected body fluids has been raised. As such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the. Chandipura virus chpv is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness in humans. Chandipura virus encephalitis emerging epidemics wiley online. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from chandipura village in maharashtra state, india 2 and has been associated with a number of otherwise unexplained outbreaks of encephalitic illness in central india. Chandipura virus killed three, infected 11 in maharashtra. Characterization of farmington virus, a novel virus from.
It is possible that as with the sars virus, the chandipura virus could mutate to become a more lethal variety, says chattopadhyay. The virus is a cause of a severe form of acute encephalitis and is thought to be spread by the female sandfly phlebotomus. Earlier studies revealed that chpv is predominantly circulating in the central part of india. Chandipura virus induces neuronal death through fasmediated. Chpv is emerging as a significant encephalitis, causing virus in the. Chandipura virus induces co2 sensitivity in culex quinquefasciatus, toxorhynchites amboinensis and drosophila melanogaster following inoculation 11,12.
Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculoviruses. In chandipura virus infection, neuroinvasion and axonal transmission of the virus have not been demonstrated. All the nude mice infected with chandipura virus through intracerebral route were succumbed to infection. Chandipura virus, encephalitis, and epidemic brain attack. Among various fatal infections, chandipura virus chpv infection is one of the most recent and unattended class of disease.
Role of regulatory cells in homeostasis has been described in several viral diseases. The most common symptoms of infection are fever and joint pain. The suckling mice were infected with the virus via footpad injection. Alternative pathway of complement activation has a. Pdf introduction in recent years, the chandipura virus chpv has emerged as an. As mentioned earlier, chpv enters the host system through bites of mosquito or sand fly. Chandipura virus is a member of the rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness in humans. Chpv is vesiculo virus of the family rhabdoviridae originally an arthropod born virus arbovirus and indigenous to india only mondal et al. Oct 20, 2008 thus immature neuron is not a critical factor for chandipura virus pathogenesis. During the course of infection, as all rna viruses, chandipura virus chpv, a member of genus vesiculovirus and family rhabdoviridae order. Chandipura virus chpv a negativestranded rna virus belonging to the rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring about neuronal apoptosis by stimulating oxidative stress.
A total of 191 adult sand flies belonging to the genus sergentomyia were collected from seven villages in karimnagar and warangal districts of andhra pradesh state, india, after an outbreak of encephalitis due to chandipura virus chpv. One case of chandipura virus infection detected in gujarat. It has both protective and pathogenic roles in viral infections. Cybercriminals use many different tactics to breach an organizations network defenses, and delivering infected pdf files, typically via email, remains a very common and dangerous threat. Chandipura virus chpv, an arbovirus belonging to genus vesiculovirus in the family rhabdoviridae has gained global attention as an encephalitis causing virus after the 20032004 outbreaks in central india. Differences in interferon content in tissues of mice of various ages infected with coxsackie b1 virus. Aug 30, 2016 they got interested in the chandipura virus. Dec 21, 2018 in 2003 chandipura virus was responsible for an outbreak in southern india in which 329 children developed acute encephalitis and 183 died. They infest dwellings during night, and take shelter during day in holes and crevices in walls, holes in trees, dark rooms, stables and store rooms. The significance of chandipura vesiculovirus as a human pathogen is unresolved due to doubts over its role in the 2003 and 2004 outbreaks virology. Present study was undertaken to understand role of innate, humoral and cell mediated immune response in experimentally infected susceptible mice through intravenous route of infection. However, virus specific igg was detected in wild type mice but not in nude mice.
The complement system is a critical component of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Detection of chandipura virus from sand flies in the genus. These cells play an important role in cellular homeostasis. Prevention is the best method to suppress chpv infection. Research open access immune regulation in chandipura.
Viral genome codes for five polypeptides, namely, nucleocapsid protein n, phosphoprotein p, matrix. Chandipura virus, encephalitis, and epidemic brain attack in. It is transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and sand flies. Chandipura virus produces neurological symptoms in naturally infected young children and experimentally infected suckling mice. The primary treatment for humans is supportive care, says who. Chandipura virus chpv is a neurotropic virus, known to cause encephalitis in humans. Neurotropism is a major feature in many viral infections. A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in andhra pradesh, india, in 2003, associated with chandipura virus. Fruit bats are the natural host of the nipah virus, but in malaysia, pigs were the intermediate hosts. In 20, their studies showed that the neurons infected with chandipura viruses are killed by a particular mechanism of programmed cell death.
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